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The custom layouts you create are linked to the default PowerPoint 2007 Theme that controls the colors and fonts in your presentation you can learn more about themes in most general books on PowerPoint 2007. If you would like to save a theme on your local computer so that you can apply it to a presentation later, on the Design tab, in the Themes group, click the More down arrow to the right of the Theme window, and at the bottom of the All Themes pull-down menu, click Save Current Theme, type a le name, and click Save. After you follow these steps, the next time you scroll over the Theme thumbnails in the Themes group on the Design tab, the new theme should appear. If you want to share the theme with someone else, it is attached to the presentation you applied it to. You can also send a theme with a le as a PowerPoint template. To do so, click the Microsoft Of ce Button, point to Save As, click Other Formats, and provide a le name. Under Save As Type, select PowerPoint Template, and then click Save. When other people click on the PowerPoint 2007 template le, PowerPoint 2007 will open a new le from the template that includes the theme.

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One benefit of Ruby is that you can add features to classes even if they ve already been defined. Within the same program as before, you can simply reopen the class and add more definitions:

These new methods are added to the Person class and are automatically made available to any existing instances of that class. These new methods are setter methods, as signified by the equal sign following their names. They allow you to do this:

In the previous examples, I ve used lists quite a bit. You ve seen how useful they are, but this section deals with what makes them different from tuples and strings: Lists are mutable that is, you can change their contents and they have many useful specialized methods.

When you apply custom layouts to your storyboard, you now have a graphical foundation established for all of your slides. The next step is to add graphics to the Call to Action and Key Point slides you sketched in 7, as shown in Figure 8-20. The

You can also create class methods: methods that don t exist within the scope of a single object, but that are bound directly to the class. For example:

This Person class implements a count class method (notice that it is defined as Person.count, rather than just count, making it a class method). The count class method returns the value of a class variable (@@count) that stores the total number of Person objects created so far. Class variables begin with two @ signs and exist within the scope of a class and all its objects, but not within the scope of any specific object. Therefore, @@count equals 3 and only 3 once you ve created three Person objects. This section has given only a brief overview of classes, objects, and their special variables. For a detailed look at classes and objects, refer to 6.

8

Ruby is often called a reflective language, as it supports reflection. Reflection is a process that allows a computer program to observe and modify its own structure and behavior during execution. This functionality can seem like a novelty to developers experienced with C, C++, and Perl, but it s incredibly important in terms of Ruby s operation and Ruby s ability to define domain-specific languages, making other forms of development easier. A brief demonstration of reflection is the ability to programmatically retrieve a list of all the methods associated with any object or class in Ruby. For example, here s how to display a list of all methods of the Hash class:

Because strings can t be modified in the same way as lists, often it can be useful to create a list from a string. You can do this with the list function:1 >>> list('Hello') ['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'] Note that list works with all kinds of sequences, not just strings.

["methods", "instance_eval", "display", "dup", "object_id", "instance_variables", "include ", "private_instance_methods", "instance_of ",

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